Согласование времен и косвенная речь

Согласование времен и перевод прямой речи в косвенную

Можно говорить о разных видах согласования времен. Бывает согласование времен в рамках одного сложного предложения, а бывает и в рамках параграфа или даже целого текста. О согласовании прошедших времен можно также почитать на странице сравнения прошедших времен.

Вопрос о согласовании времен возникает только тогда, когда речь идет о прошедших временах. То есть, если говорить о сложноподчиненных предложениях, когда главное предложение в прошедшем времени.

Если в главное предложение в сложноподчиненном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, то и придаточное, т.е. подчиненное предложение тоже будет в прошедшем. В русском языке предложения в этом случае не согласуются. Главное может быть в прошедшем, но это никак не влияет на время в придаточном предложении.

Все это особенно касается перевода предложений из прямой речи в косвенную.

Итак, при перводе из прямой речи в косвенную, если главное предложение в прошедшем времени, то и подчиненное предложение будет переводиться в различные прошедшие времена по следующей схеме:

Таблица «миграции времен»

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
Present Simple “I am tired.” “I love you.” “We don’t like rock music.” “I can swim.”	Past Simple She said she was tired.He said he loved her. They said they didn’t like rock music. He said he could swim.
Present Continuous “I’m reading a book.” “We aren’t watching TV.”	Past Continuous She said she was reading a book. They told us they were not watching TV.
Present Perfect “I’ve passed all my exams.” “I’ve never been to Rome.”	Past Perfect Jack said he had passed all his exams. Mary said she had never been to Rome.
Present Perfect-Continuous “I’ve been waiting for you for half an hour.”	Past Perfect Continuous He told me he had been waiting for me for half an hour.
Past Simple “I was born in Rome.” “I went to the cinema.” “We worked.” “We didn’t know that.”	Past Perfect She mentioned she had been born in Rome. He explained he had gone to the cinema. They told us they had worked. They claimed they hadn’t known that.
Past Continuous “I was sleeping at 5 o’clock.” “We were having dinner.”	Past Perfect Continuous He said he had been sleeping at 5 o’clock. They told me they had been having dinner.
Future Simple “I will help you.” “I won’t forget.”	Future Simple in the Past He told me he would help me. She said she wouldn’t forget.
Future Continuous “I’ll be waiting for you.”	Future Continuous in the Past She said she would be waiting for us.
Future Perfect “I’ll have finished that then.”	Future Perfect in the Past He promised he would have finished it then.

 

На страничке о say/tell можно узнать, в чем между ними разница.

Модальные глаголы меняются в косвенной речи следующим образом:

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
can “I can play the guitar.” “I can’t help you.”	could He said he could play the guitar. He told me he couldn’t help me.
may “I may go out.” “I may not watch TV.”	might She said she might go out. He said he might not watch TV.
will “I will pay you back.”“It won’t hurt.”	would She told me she would pay me back. The doctor told me it wouldn’t hurt.
must “You must wash your hands.”	had to My mum told me I had to wash my hands.
could “I couldn’t come.”	could She said she couldn’t come.
might “It might get dark soon.”	might He said it might get dark soon.
should “You should go to bed early.” “You shouldn’t work so much.”	should He told me I should go to bed early. She told me I shouldn’t work so much.

 

Что касается местоимений, то никакой разницы между русским и английским языками здесь нет.

Например:

«I love you.» (Я  тебя люблю.)

He told her that he loved her. (Он сказал ей, что он ее любит.)

Сложнее с обстоятельствами места и времени и некоторыми другими словами. Они меняются, как показано ниже:

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
this “Ann told me this.”	that He said that Ann told him that.
these “I like these pictures.”	those They said they liked those pictures.
here “Jack is here.”	there He told me Jack was there.
now “He’s ill now.”	then They told us he was ill then.
tonight “I want to go out tonight.”	that night He told me he wanted to go out that night.
yesterday “I went there yesterday.”	the day before/the previous day She said he had gone there the day before.
tomorrow “We are leaving tomorrow.”	the next day/the following day They said they were leaving the following day.
last year/month… “She had a baby last year.”	the previous year/month He told me she had had a baby the previous year.
next year/month “I’m getting married next month.”	the following year/month She told me she was getting married the following month.